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A recent "Ethicist" column in The New York Times Magazine reveals not only the superficiality of what passes for ethical thinking today, but also the limits of multiculturalism as applied to Orthodox Jews. A woman wrote to the "Ethicist" with the following question. Her otherwise "courteous and competent real-estate agent" refused to shake her hand after signing a brokerage contract, explaining that as an Orthodox Jew he does not touch women. The woman described herself as both "shocked and offended." But since she was a good liberal who, in addition to opposing "sex discrimination of all sorts," also "supports freedom of religious expression," she was in a quandary. The Ethicist, one Randy Cohen, told her that she was entitled to work with someone "who will treat you with the dignity and respect he shows his male clients." He deemed it irrelevant that the agent was acting in accord with his deepest religious beliefs: "Sexism is sexism, even when motivated by religious convictions." Cohen agreed that the action was "offensive" -- nothing less than an attempt to "render a class of people untouchable" -- and calling it religious "doesn't make it right." For good measure, he cited the US Supreme Court's ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education that separate educational facilities for black and white students are inherently unequal. In sum, ruled the Ethicist, "I believe you should tear up your contract." Frankly, in polyglot New York, I would have expected a message of greater tolerance for practices that at first strike us as strange. The real-estate agent, after all, did not ask anything of the woman. He did not request her to don a long skirt and shawl, as tens of thousands of ardent feminists do every year upon entering St. Peter's Cathedral. Nor did he withhold anything tangible from her. (Presumably she had no interest in holding his hand.) At most, he engaged in a form of symbolic speech, the message of which both the letter writer and Ethicist misunderstood. Let's say after signing a brokerage agreement the letter writer had noticed that the broker, an Orthodox woman, was wearing a wig. And let us say that she considered the halacha that a woman, but not a man, must cover her hair "offensive" and denigrating to women. Would the Ethicist have also counseled her to tear up the contract? Cohen should have answered: It was your decision to be "shocked and offended." Your reaction does not reflect some objective quality inherent in the agent's action. You were shocked only due to a lack of knowledge of a widespread practice among Orthodox Jews. Similarly, there was nothing inherently offensive about the agent's refusal. Brown v. Board of Education, in which the Supreme Court correctly ruled that in the context of a long-standing history of Jim Crow laws, educational segregation conveys to black children an unmistakable state-sponsored message of inferiority, could not be more inapposite.
By contrast, the agent made no statement, either implicit or explicit, showing any disrespect for the letter writer in particular or women in general. Strictly observant Jewish women also do not touch men, so the prohibition clearly does not confer "untouchable" status on one sex or another. Rather it proscribes physical contact between sexes equally. If any statement is being made by the refusal of Orthodox Jews to have any physical contact with members of the opposite sex other than their spouses, children and parents, it is one of respect for their spouses and the sanctity of the marital bond. Every time an Orthodox man or woman distances him or herself from even the most non-erotic forms of physical contact, he or she is reminded that what is forbidden in this instance is promoted elsewhere - i.e., within the exclusive context of marriage. Every act of distancing is also an act of drawing close to one's spouse.
True, shaking hands is a pretty innocuous form of contact, and for that reason some Orthodox religious authorities permit it in the business context. But the same claim of innocuousness is made for kissing and hugging in many circles. Rather than stepping onto a slippery slope and leaving the matter to subjective determinations about the erotic content of any particular act, many Orthodox Jews choose to simply avoid any physical contact. A ban on touching acknowledges the natural physical attraction between men and women, and serves as a warning. Those who observe the ban convey the message that "the erotic element is excluded from our relationship." Far from showing a lack of "dignity and respect" for those of the opposite gender, observance of the ban reflects a determination to treat members of the opposite sex with the utmost respect - as everything but objects of sexual desire. Judging from the proliferation of sexual-harassment charges in work settings and elsewhere, many women would prefer precisely such relationships. Interestingly, the Ethicist overlooked the most serious ethical lapse of all -- his own advice that the letter writer rip up a contract she had already signed. Nowhere in that contract did the agent undertake to shake the woman's hand. Rather, he agreed to faithfully represent her in the rental of her apartment, and by her own account he stood fully prepared to do so in a competent fashion. The Ethicist thus advised her to renege on her own solemn promise in order to punish the agent for observing rules that he views as divinely mandated, but which the Ethicist confidently dismissed as merely "sexist" and "offensive." My guess is that had the Ethicist been named Charley O'Sullivan, not Randy Cohen, he would not have been so casually dismissive of traditional Jewish practice. See The Jewish Ethicist, Discriminating Against Discrimination to read his answer to the same question.
Published: Sunday, November 10, 2002
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The woman was in the wrong in any case.
Why should somebody be forced to touch another human being whom they are not comfortable touching? To an orthodox man, touching a woman is a sexual action, and trying to force him to take part against his will in what he considers a sexual action is sexual harassment, plain and simple.
(25) Brian, 17/1/2008
I believe when in Rome do as the Romans do.
If I was in their home, I'd try to remember they don't like to shake hands and respect that. However they should also respect our customs when they are in our home and shake our hands.
I wouldn't travel to Italy and start kicking up a fuss because they won't serve me a full English breakfast.
(24) Anonymous, 23/9/2007
Untouchable
Muslims have the same retriction. It's definitely not a sign of sexism and lack of respect. Get over it and realize the importance of it to an orthodox person.
(23) Anonymous, 28/8/2007
It's about being polite
Most people love having the attention on them when you seem genuinly interested. If you know you are in a situation where you have to refuse a handshake, make up for it by being respectful in other ways, showing genuine interest, being polite, telling her about some event she might be interested in or some antedote from your life (very brief). Make yourself as human as possible and elevate her so that when it comes to refusing a handshake (blaim it on your loyalty to your wife), it won't be a big deal as she won't view it as a sign of disrespect.