On November 9, 1938 hundreds of synagogues were destroyed, 91 Jews were murdered, 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps and 7,000 Jewish businesses were ruined.
The Polenaktion was a precursor to sudden arrests, roundups, deportations, violence, seizure of property and countries making clear Jews were not welcome.
The 94-year-old former SS guard was prosecuted more than 70 years after the Holocaust. Irene Weiss, an Auschwitz survivor, explains why she testified against him.
In May 1981, a group of young American Jewish leaders asked Prime Minister Begin what he thought were the lessons of the Holocaust. This was his answer.
In July, 1942, over 13,000 Jews, including 4,000 children, were arrested and placed in hellish conditions in the Paris Velodrome to be delivered to the Nazi killing machine.
