It is arguable which of the Russian Czars was the worst to the Jews. We'll start with Czar Nicholas I (who ruled from 1825 to 1855) as one of the prime contenders and work our way down.
In 1827, Czar Nicholas I introduced what became known as the Cantonist Decrees. (The name came from the word "canton," meaning "military camp.") These decrees called for the forced conscription of Jewish boys into the Russian Army. These boys were between the ages of 12 and 18 and were forced to serve for 25 years! During their army service, every effort was made to convert them to Christianity.
Due to the horrendous conditions under which they were forced to serve, many of the boys who were conscripted didn't survive, and if they did, few continued to identify themselves as Jews. As far as the Jewish community was concerned, either way was a death sentence.
Some Jewish parents were so desperate they would actually cut off the right index finger of their sons with a butcher's knife ― without an index finger you couldn't fire a gun and you were exempt from service. Other people would try and bribe their kid's way out.
The Cantonist Decrees raise the level of pressure on the Jewish community to new extremes. Each Jewish community was responsible to produce a certain number of boys for the army and the community leadership was held responsible for failure to meet this quota. It's not to hard to imagine the turmoil caused by forcing community leaders to decide which boys had to go and which boys could stay.
If that wasn't bad enough, there was the government-sponsored anti-Semitism.
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Around the turn of the century (It was first published in 1903), the Russian secret police began to circulate a forgery which became the most famous anti-Semitic "document" in history ― The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. These protocols purported to be the minutes of a secret meeting of world Jewish leaders, which supposedly took place once every hundred years for the purpose of plotting how to manipulate and control the world in the next century.
As ridiculous as this might sound to us today, the Protocols were seized upon as "proof" that the world was dominated by Jews who were responsible for all of the world's problems.
Fans and proponents of the Protocols have included such anti-Semites as: Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company; Adolf Hitler, as might be expected; Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser; and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, among others.
Despite the fact that the Protocols are a proven forgery whose allegations are completely ridiculous, an expression of the worst kind of anti-Semitism, the Protocols continue to sell briskly today and are carried by such huge bookstore chains as Barnes and Noble and amazon.com in the name of freedom of speech.
Pogroms
We spoke of pogroms ― mob violence against Jews ― in Part 49 when we covered the murderous attacks of the Ukrainian Cossack Bogdan Chmielnicki in 17th century Poland.
In Czarist Russia, there were so many pogroms against the Jews that it is simply impossible to even begin to list them all. (In one four year period there were 284 pogroms, for example.)
These pogroms were seldom spontaneous, though incitement by Christian clergy around the Christian holidays could drive the masses into a frenzy. However, in Czarist Russia, most of the pogroms were government organized. Why would the Czarist government organize mobs to target Jews? Because Jews were the classic scapegoats for the economic problems of Russia (and many other countries in history).
Of course, the problems of Russia had nothing to do with the Jews. The problems of Russia had to do with a totally backward, feudal, and highly corrupt regime. One of the ways of diverting attention from the corruption was to blame the Jews and to allow the masses to blow off steam by taking it out on the Jews.
The problems of Russia got worse after Czar Alexander II (who was one of the more competent Czars and who was relatively benign to the Jews) was assassinated in 1881 by an anarchist who threw a bomb at his carriage. And when the problems of Russia got worse, the problems of the Jews got worse as well.
The government of the new Czar, Alexander III (who ruled 1881-1894) organized one pogrom after another to keep the anger of the masses focused on the Jews.
In addition to the pogroms, Alexander III promulgated a series of laws against the Jews. These laws were called the May Laws and they included such prohibitions as:
- "It is henceforth forbidden for Jews to settle outside the cities and townships."
- "The registration of property and mortgages in the names of Jews is to be halted temporarily. Jews are also prohibited from administering such properties."
- "It is forbidden for Jews to engage in commerce on Sundays and Christian holidays."
Writes Berel Wein in Triumph of Survival (p. 173) of the reign of Alexander III:
"Expulsions, deportations, arrests, and beatings became the daily lot of the Jews, not only of their lower class, but even of the middle class and the Jewish intelligentsia. The government of Alexander III waged a campaign of war against its Jewish inhabitants... The Jews were driven and hounded, and emigration appeared to be the only escape from the terrible tyranny of the Romanovs."
It did not help matters any that during the reign of Alexander III a terrible famine struck Russia in which 400,000 peasants died. Those who survived were bitter and their resentments grew (which would erupt eventually in an aborted revolution in 1905 and the successful Russian Revolution which ushered in Communist rule in 1917.)
The Last Romanov
When Alexander III died, he was succeeded by Nicholas II, the last of the Romanovs whose incompetence and inflexibility helped bring about the Russian Revolution. The new Czar had to cope with the mess left behind by his father and he did so badly.
During his reign one of the most famous pogroms took place ― in Kishinev, on Easter (April 6-7), 1903.
The Kishinev pogrom happened when there was a lot of tension in Russia (two years before the first, unsuccessful revolution). Wanting to dispel the tension, the Czarist government once again organized a pogrom against the Jews.
Strange as it may sound, the Kishinev pogrom received a lot of international attention. This was because by this time pogroms were something that the "enlightened" Western World no longer found acceptable. (If only they knew what they themselves would do to the Jews 40 years later!)
Here is an excerpt from a description of the pogrom printed in the New York Times:
"It is impossible to account the amounts of goods destroyed in a few hours. The hurrahs of the rioting. The pitiful cries of the victims filled the air. Wherever a Jew was met he was savagely beaten into insensibility. One Jew was dragged from a streetcar and beaten until the mob thought he was dead. The air was filled with feathers and torn bedding. Every Jewish household was broken into and the unfortunate Jews in their terror endeavored to hide in cellars and under roofs. The mob entered the synagogue, desecrated the biggest house of worship and defiled the Scrolls of the Law.
"The conduct of the intelligent Christians was disgraceful. They made no attempt to check the rioting. They simply walked around enjoying the frightful sport. On Tuesday, the third day, when it became known that the troops had received orders to shoot, the rioters ceased."
After two days of mayhem, the Czar said, "Okay enough ― mission accomplished. Now it's time to stop it." And it stopped. 118 Jewish men, women and children were murdered, 1,200 were wounded and 4,000 families were rendered homeless and destitute. There were also 12,000 Russian soldier in the city who did nothing for two days. [1]
Until the next time.
Between 1903 and 1907 was a period of great internal unrest in Russia. Nicholas's incompetence coupled with excessive taxation and the humiliating defeat of Russia during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) let to the first Russian Revolution in 1905 which led to a few short-lived reforms in the government. This period also proved disastrous for the Jewish community there were 284 pogroms with over 50,000 casualties. The level of violence was unbelievable.
There was only so much of this kind of thing that people could take. The Jewish community was being devastated and people were looking for a way out. Jews were running out of the shtetls and joining all of the anarchist, communist, socialist, bundist movements that they could find in the hopes that they would be able to change the situation in Russia. Jews have been history's great idealists and during this time they were desperate to find some way of making things better. (We will cover their activism when we discuss the events surrounding World War I.)
Another thing that was happening in this time period was emigration. We see mass emigration of Jews out of Russia. Between 1881 and 1914, some 50,000 or more Jews left every year to a estimated total of 2.5 million Jews.
Despite these migrations, the Jewish population of Russia stayed constant ― at about 5 million Jews, due the very high birthrate. Had these Jews not left Russia there would have been 7-8 million Jews there.
And it was America which absorbed most of the Jewish immigrants during this period of time.
Golden Land
We might recall (from Part 23) when the Jews were exile by the Babylonians, the exile had happened in two stages. First the Babylonians took away 10,000 of the best and the brightest, and that turned out to be a blessing in disguise because when the Jews arrive in Babylon, there is a Jewish infrastructure in place. Yeshivas had been established, synagogues built, there was a kosher butcher and a mikveh. Jewish life could continue and as a result we saw hardly any assimilation during the Babylonian exile.
However, when the poor Jews of Russia arrived en masse in America at the end of the 19th century ― passing through the famous Ellis Island ― they found no Jewish infrastructure in place. The Jews who had preceded them in the migration of the 1830s were German Jews (about 280,000 of them). These German Jews ― who resented the poorer Russian Jews ― were either Reform, (and did not believe that the Torah was God-given nor in any specific God-given law that Jews had to keep) or they were secular Jews who totally eschewed Jewish tradition. Thus, the poor Russian Jews stepped into the Golden Land of Assimilation as we shall see in the next installment.
[1] Paul Mendes-Flohr & Yehuda Reinharz ed., The Jew in the Modern World, (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 409.
(22) Sandra, October 27, 2020 5:18 AM
Well written!
I was very amazed at how HaShem Avinu carried out his promises in Russia! Numbers 23! We can see how it was carried out piece by piece! Look at the history and your going to perform Teshuva for any doubt regarding the promises our loving God has made to his people!
(21) Steven Cory Weiser, May 18, 2020 2:23 PM
Great Piece!
Very well put together article, I would add that Jews did not seek to live in Russia, but instead Russia sought Jews. By annexing part of Poland, Russia inherited its' Jewish population....Russia should of been a little more responsible for the land it took and the people that came with.
(20) Anonymous, March 24, 2019 5:55 PM
the czars and the jews
Dear Rabbi, I am a Roman Catholic and reading about all these pogroms sickens me and angrifies me that these czarist governments and Christian church leaders allowed this to happen., in the name of Christianity of course. I am so tired of these radical nuts that blame the Jewish people for all the wrong doings in the world. I grew up with a lot of Jewish people, a lot of my neighbors were Jewish as well as kids I went to school with, I have only good things to say about them. The Catholic Church also shamefully is very much guilty of perpetrating and targeting Jewish peoples in the past so many times. I am not one of the them. I have a lot of compassion and respect for the Jewish people, your people, and I am so very, very sorry for all the atrocities that have been committed against the Jewish people. I want you to know that. I. please, ask of you and beg of you forgiveness and mercy. God bless all the Jewish peoples everywhere. Shana Tova, Happy Yom Kippur, Happy Purim, and Happy Passover to all of you, And know that not all Christians are anti sematic. God bless you, Shalom, and peace.
(19) Anonymous, March 18, 2019 12:12 AM
My father was left an orphan in these Pogroms
I find it very interesting to read how my paternal Grandparents suffered and died as a result of these Pogroms, My father was only 2 years old so he didn't talk about this part of his life. He was forced to move into an orphanage and was raised there, until his oldest sister who came to America finaly had the money to pay for his passage to Ellis Island when he was 11 years old. She raised him then like he was one of her own sons.
(18) harold sherr, August 14, 2015 12:42 PM
kiev 1911
The events there were not mentions! All the rest was known to me. Zy Gazunt.
(17) james ainoris, May 30, 2013 3:09 AM
protols propoganda
Perhaps the worst and most damaging propoganda is the protocols...which is a bestseller in arab lands today.This has so utterly poisoned the mind of arab youth that one cannot reason with them. It seems to live on in America only in whacky radical groups like neo nazi and farrakhan et al.Even alot of jews do not know about it anymore...Arabs seem to eat it up with the conspiracy nonsense but ignore their own control of world economy through oil and slavery in indonesia and africa...yaakov ainoris
(16) Stef Paul, October 19, 2010 7:09 AM
Grandfather in Tsar's army said Gma
Hi, How would I go about confirming this statement. Ancestry.com is a dead end for me. I have seen my Gpa's surname as Mazasz, Mazier, and Mazur. Then there are three first names I have seen: Charlie, Walter, and Wasyl. The time period must have been early 1900's. My husband won't believe I am Jewish unless he has "proof". I have an Aunt who said about Gma, "She always said they were Jews!" Any help would be appreciated. Thanks
(15) Douglas Shachnow, January 22, 2008 3:06 PM
Duke Vladimir looked at Judaism too...
...at a time when he was shopping around for a religion with which to unite his realm, he looked at Islam (many wives allowed, but no alcohol, so thumbs down on that), and before choosing Eastern Orthodoxy, he looked at Judaism too. We could never have expected him to go for Judaism. Our religion and someone who intends to rule as a tyrant simply don't mix. The last thing a despot needs is a bunch of Jewish scholars sitting around all day reading and interpreting and re-interpreting every law he tried to pass. Vladimir would never have been able to govern. Eastern Orthodoxy (and its later Russian permutation) came with an established dogma he could use to tell his people that if they were not good little Russians and obey all his own laws, they would have a not-too-happy afterlife.
It's all the great scholarly and intellectual aspects of Jewish traditions that simply make it anathema to tyrants who don't want their peoples to think...just do as they're told.
(14) Grace, January 19, 2008 12:05 PM
A New Image
When my Russian/Polish grandparents came to this countrky,my grandparents spoke of landing in Castle Gardens, where they were examined and questioned. When Grandpa, from my fathers side, gave his name as "Zenzelsky", the agent quickly called out "Goldberg". That is how my family was known from then on. His children, who came along with him, quickly learned that in America, it is better to latch on to new ways, to match their new American name.
(13) Mary Ann Marger, January 15, 2008 9:05 AM
why Russia is Eastern Orthodox
A scholar in my family says that an ancient czar, choosing a state religion, looked into Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism. He chose Eastern Orthodoxy because of its belief in the hereafter. True? (I've loved this series.)
(12) Brenda, January 15, 2008 8:51 AM
Czar and royal family
Grand Duke Nicholas was a typical flaming Russian anti-semitic lunatic. When I read about him, circa WWI, I am reminded of that other weirded-out anti-semitic lunatic, another so-called "prince": Feisal. See him in a 1950s documentary, talking about throwing the Jews in the sea: same limited academic/intelligence quotient. The Russkies with their orthodox priests involved in govt. and policy...and the Arabs...well... enough said.
(11) Menashe Kaltmann, October 19, 2003 12:00 AM
The Heartless Czars
Well done again Rabbi Spiro for an excellent article!
R. Berel Wein has often said in his tapes that Jewish History exists within the realm of general history. In this case this meant that Jewish life existed within the framework of the heartless rule of The Czars.
Jewish live had to endure the trials and tribulations of this anti semitic heartless monarchy.
Your description was very apt, it is well known that the Czars were almost all ruthless despotic and heartless rulers who really didn't care if the general population of Russia was poor, underfed and illiterate. Their attitude was who cares about the Serfs and peasants.
Almost all the Czars lived a high affluent(even French high society inspired) lifestyle while the vast majority of their subjects eked out a miserable existence. With this sort of terrible existence is it not surpising that so many Russians (Jews and non Jews) saw any change as good even one as terrible as Communism. The problem was that the Czars were terrible and Lenin,Trotsky and Stalin and Communism were even worse. The early promise of social justice and personal freedom under Communism gave way to even more persecutions of Russian Jewry.
I had a Great Grandfather ("Elterer Zeida" T'z that had to serve in The Czar's Army in World War 1 and his unit was all but destroyed except for 3 soldiers (himself included).
(10) Rachel Glyn, August 13, 2003 12:00 AM
Re: Barnes & Noble
I checked out the Barnes & Noble web site for the Protocols. The only reviews that they give the book is that it is a forgery which was used to fan the flames of Jew-hatred. It is in the same category as Mein Kampf or The Communist Manifesto: although it is a piece of garbage, some people will want to read it for scholarly reasons. I don't think that Barnes & Noble is doing anything inappropriate by selling it. They also sell books that refute it.
(9) Carolyn Martin, August 10, 2003 12:00 AM
Excellent article
I now live in Ft. Myers Florida the Edison house and Ford house are a big attraction here. I emailed the city gov. the part of the article that states Ford's real beliefs. Thank you for enlightening me on Henry Ford.
(8) Gary Selikow, January 22, 2003 12:00 AM
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
A note on the famous forgery known as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
It is still used by enemies of the Jews throughout the world.
The Arabic language edition is a best seller in Egypt, Syria and the 'Palestinian Authority’, together with the Arabic language edition of Meim Kampf.
One of the great fans and proponents of the Protocols today is 'Nation of Islam' leader Louis Farrakhan.
At the 2001 Durban anti-Semitic, anti-Israel hate-fest ironically known as 'The International Conference Against Racism' this book was sold at stands outside the conference hall.
It is part of the staple diet of both leftwing and rightwing anti-semites.
(7) Amy Pearl, September 24, 2002 12:00 AM
this site is cool!!!!!
I go to precidio high school in tucson arizona and this site healped me so much on many asinments. Thank you
(6) Mark Shragge, January 12, 2002 12:00 AM
excellent
Your material is excellent!
(5) ARLENE WULZ-FOURNIER, December 26, 2001 12:00 AM
ABSOLUTELY FABULOUS FOR THE LAY PERSON
WE, MY 14 YEAR SON AND I THOROUGHLY ENJOY "CRASH COURSE IN JEWISH HISTORY."
I AM USING IT IN CONJUNCTION WITH MY FLORENCE MELTON STUDIES. THANK YOU
FOR THIS WONDERFUL INSIGHT.
(4) Anonymous, December 25, 2001 12:00 AM
I eagerly await each new installment of you Crash Course in Jewish History. In everythhing you teach us, you are such a wealth of information. When will you be lecturing in Hollywood,Fl. again. We
miss your brother. We hope you'll still
come here to lecture periodically.Thank you for all you do.
(3) Milton B. Gordon, December 25, 2001 12:00 AM
Very good
Very interesting because my Parents came to the USA in the period 1911-1916 and came via Ellis Island
(2) Anonymous, December 24, 2001 12:00 AM
The cazr's scapegoat
When the population of a country is has problems and have difficulties. The government or rulers in this case the czar’s of Russia have a response. To cover the problem or divert the people’s attention you have to blame someone, as always the best scapegoat are the Jews.
(1) Jeffrey Prince, December 24, 2001 12:00 AM
Many thanks for your fine articles
Yasher koach for another fine article. Your crash course in Jewish history series is a highlight of my week. Each of your articles is chock full of valuable and interesting information. As much as we think we know Jewish history, your articles always turn up several fascinating new points. If only more Jews would be aware of their amazing history, then they wouldn't be in such a rush to throw everything away and they would truly appreciate their heritage.